Which of the following is NOT included in Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)?

Litigation is the correct answer because it is not considered a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). ADR encompasses methods that allow parties to resolve disputes outside of traditional court settings, emphasizing a more flexible and collaborative approach.

Mediation involves a neutral third party helping disputing parties find a mutually agreeable solution, while arbitration often involves a third party making a binding decision after hearing both sides. Negotiation, similarly, allows the parties themselves to directly communicate and reach a settlement without outside help.

In contrast, litigation refers to the process of taking a dispute to court, where a judge or jury makes a legal ruling based on the evidence and law. This process is generally seen as more formal, adversarial, and time-consuming compared to the methods included in ADR, making litigation fundamentally different from the collaborative goal of resolution found in mediation, arbitration, and negotiation.